{"id":43525,"date":"2014-03-28T12:52:42","date_gmt":"2014-03-28T10:52:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/staging.sillon38.com\/?p=43525"},"modified":"2014-03-28T12:52:42","modified_gmt":"2014-03-28T10:52:42","slug":"a-la-decouverte-de-la-production-noix-en-californie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sillon38.com\/blog\/2014\/03\/28\/a-la-decouverte-de-la-production-noix-en-californie\/","title":{"rendered":"A la d\u00e9couverte de la production noix en Californie"},"content":{"rendered":"

Un groupe de producteurs de Coopenoix et Franck Michel, technicien, ont particip\u00e9 \u00e0 un voyage d’\u00e9tude en Californie.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape de ce voyage a amen\u00e9 le groupe \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 de Davis ou il a rencontr\u00e9 David Ramos.
\nRetrait\u00e9 de l’Universit\u00e9 de Californie de Davis, il est aujourd’hui directeur de recherche pour le California Walnut Board (\u00e9quivalent Fran\u00e7ais du CING).<\/span><\/p>\n

Le contexte<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

La Californie compte en 2013, 100000 ha de noyers en production, 12000 ha de jeunes vergers, 4000 ha de plantation par an, 5000 producteurs et 89 soci\u00e9t\u00e9s commerciales de mise en march\u00e9. <\/span><\/p>\n

La production californienne est centr\u00e9e sur la r\u00e9gion de Sacramento (46%), San Joaquim (53%) et sur la c\u00f4te centrale (1%). <\/span><\/p>\n

La r\u00e9partition vari\u00e9tale est compos\u00e9e de Chandler (43 %), Hartley (17%) et Howard (10%). La Franquette est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme tardive (pr\u00e9cocit\u00e9 comme Chandler et Hartley) et est utilis\u00e9e comme pollinisateur (3%). 65% des noix sont export\u00e9es en coque. <\/span><\/p>\n

Le budget annuel consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la recherche mais aussi au marketing et \u00e0 la communication sur la noix s’\u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00e0 27 millions de dollars, soit 21 M\u20ac!<\/span><\/p>\n

Ce montant provient du soutien du California Walnut Board pour 9 M$ (7 M\u20ac) et pour 18 M$ (15 M\u20ac) de la commission des recherches (biotechnologies, vari\u00e9t\u00e9s et porte-greffe, lutte par ph\u00e9romone\u2026).<\/span><\/p>\n

L’ensemble des producteurs am\u00e9ricains contribuent au financement \u00e0 hauteur de 0,01 \u20ac\/kg de noix.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"noix<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>Les enseignements de la recherche<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

A l’occasion d’une discussion avec le Dr James E. Adaskaveg du d\u00e9partement de pathologie des plantes, sp\u00e9cialiste de la bact\u00e9riose et Richard P. Buchner, conseiller maladies noix \u00e0 l’UC Davis, le groupe de producteurs de Coopenoix apprenait que la bact\u00e9rie pathog\u00e8ne du noyer Xanthomonas arboricola pv juglandis (Xaj) et de nombreuses autres bact\u00e9ries vivent entre les \u00e9cailles des bourgeons, sur les organes reproducteurs m\u00e2les (chatons) et femelles (pistils). <\/span><\/p>\n

Les plus connues et identifi\u00e9es \u00e0 ce jour sont Arthrobacter, Massilia, Curtobact\u00e9rium, Enterobacter, Frigoribact\u00e9ruim, Microbact\u00e9rium, Pantoea et Terrabacter spp.<\/span><\/p>\n

Entre 2005 et 2010, des \u00e9tudes californiennes d\u00e9montrent l’existence d’une sensibilit\u00e9 vari\u00e9tale li\u00e9e \u00e0 la date de floraison, donc \u00e0 la pr\u00e9cocit\u00e9 de d\u00e9bourrement de la vari\u00e9t\u00e9. Selon M. Adaskaveg, il faut privil\u00e9gier les vari\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e0 floraison tardive par rapport au cycle de Xanthomonas arboricola pv juglandis et au climat (pluie).<\/span><\/p>\n

Les fongicides utilis\u00e9s en Californie associent du cuivre sous forme oxychlorure ou hydroxyde, et des dithiocarbamates (Man\u00e9be, Mancoz\u00e8be), qui \u00e0 ce jour restent les plus performants.
\nEn agriculture biologique, l’utilisation de stimulateur de d\u00e9fense naturelle (SDN), de champignons pr\u00e9dateurs ou d’extraits de v\u00e9g\u00e9taux \u00e0 action fongique donne des r\u00e9sultats encourageants.<\/span><\/p>\n

Les \u00ab conseils et\/ou pratiques \u00bbcaliforniens pour une bonne gestion de la maladie bact\u00e9rienne :<\/strong>
\n\u2022 choisir diff\u00e9rentes formulations de cuivre et s’assurer d’avoir une fr\u00e9quence de traitement soutenue ;
\n\u2022 commencer les traitements t\u00f4t en saison, et en conditions humides, intervenir \u00e0 l’ouverture des chatons (stade Bm2);
\n\u2022 maintenir une couverture efficace cuivre\/mancoz\u00e8be (1 application\/semaine) en conditions d’humidit\u00e9 (pluie, ros\u00e9e, brouillard), et en fonction du d\u00e9veloppement v\u00e9g\u00e9tatif;
\n\u2022 avoir une qualit\u00e9 de pulv\u00e9risation permettant une couverture maximale de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation, ne pas n\u00e9gliger la vitesse d’avancement (3 \u00e0 4 km\/h maxi), avoir un appareil bien r\u00e9gl\u00e9 et utiliser un volume d’eau de 900 \u00e0 1500 l d’eau\/ha.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n


\nLa pr\u00e9sentation de Th\u00e9mis J. Michailide, sp\u00e9cialiste de l’anthracnose et des champignons \u00e0 l’UC Davis a \u00e9galement appris au groupe de Coopenoix que, comme pour la maladie bact\u00e9rienne, il existe une diff\u00e9rence de sensibilit\u00e9 vari\u00e9tale vis-\u00e0-vis des champignons.<\/span><\/p>\n

Les produits utilis\u00e9s contiennent en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral deux substances actives, contrairement \u00e0 la France, ou sur noyer les fongicides utilis\u00e9s n’en contiennent qu’une seule!<\/span><\/p>\n

J. Michailide nous a pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 l’impact des chancres sur bois d\u00fb aux champignons de la famille des Botryosphaeria (193 esp\u00e8ces) et Phomopsis (21 esp\u00e8ces). Ces champignons sont responsables de fl\u00e9trissements des branches, voire de leur mortalit\u00e9.
\nCes agents pathog\u00e8nes s’installent dans les pousses affaiblies, soit par l’ombre dans le verger, soit \u00e0 la suite d’attaques de cochenilles.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"noix<\/a>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n


\n<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Voyage d’\u00e9tude organis\u00e9 par Coopenoix<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,48],"tags":[931,1581],"class_list":["post-43525","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-a-la-une","category-nuciculture","tag-californie","tag-coopenoix"],"yoast_head":"\nA la d\u00e9couverte de la production noix en Californie -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sillon38.com\/blog\/2014\/03\/28\/a-la-decouverte-de-la-production-noix-en-californie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A la d\u00e9couverte de la production noix en Californie -\" \/>\n<meta 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