{"id":45062,"date":"2014-05-11T14:37:56","date_gmt":"2014-05-11T12:37:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/staging.sillon38.com\/?p=45062"},"modified":"2014-05-11T14:37:56","modified_gmt":"2014-05-11T12:37:56","slug":"leau-la-ressource-la-plus-elementaire-mais-aussi-la-plus-essentielle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sillon38.com\/blog\/2014\/05\/11\/leau-la-ressource-la-plus-elementaire-mais-aussi-la-plus-essentielle\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019eau: la ressource la plus \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire, mais aussi la plus essentielle"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\">La plan\u00e8te contient environ 1\u00a0400 millions de kilom\u00e8tres cubes d\u2019eau. Les ressources en eau douce <em>\u2013<\/em> c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire l\u2019eau de boisson et les eaux utilis\u00e9es \u00e0 des fins sanitaires, agricoles et industrielles <em>\u2013<\/em> ne repr\u00e9sentent que 0,003 % de ce volume consid\u00e9rable, soit 45\u00a0000 km<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> Mais toute cette eau n\u2019est pas accessible. Par exemple, en raison des  crues saisonni\u00e8res, il est extr\u00eamement difficile de capter l\u2019eau avant  qu\u2019elle se d\u00e9verse dans des rivi\u00e8res \u00e9loign\u00e9es.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\">En effet, on estime que seulement 9\u00a0000 \u00e0 14\u00a0000 km<sup>3<\/sup> d\u2019eau sont \u00e9conomiquement accessibles pour \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s par l\u2019homme \u2013  une goutte d\u2019eau dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an compar\u00e9 \u00e0 la quantit\u00e9 totale d\u2019eau que  renferme la plan\u00e8te. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Compte tenu de la croissance rapide de la  population, y aura-t-il suffisamment d\u2019eau pour que l\u2019humanit\u00e9 puisse  survivre? Bien s\u00fbr, la quantit\u00e9 n\u2019est pas le seul probl\u00e8me. La qualit\u00e9  des approvisionnements en eau est \u00e9galement importante.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Le saviez-vous? <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> L\u2019agriculture est de loin le secteur qui consomme le plus d\u2019eau, puisqu\u2019elle repr\u00e9sente plus de <strong>70 %<\/strong> de l\u2019ensemble des pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements, et jusqu\u2019\u00e0 <strong>95 %<\/strong> dans certains pays en d\u00e9veloppement. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\">En ce qui concerne la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019eau dont les cultures ont besoin, il faut en r\u00e8gle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale 1\u00a0500 m<sup>3<\/sup> d\u2019eau par tonne de c\u00e9r\u00e9ales r\u00e9colt\u00e9e. En d\u2019autres termes, il faut <strong>1,5 tonne d\u2019eau pour cultiver 1 kg de c\u00e9r\u00e9ales<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Les besoins quotidiens en eau potable sont estim\u00e9s \u00e0 2 \u00e0 4 litres par personne. Or, il faut environ <strong>3\u00a0000 litres d\u2019eau pour produire la nourriture quotidienne d\u2019une personne<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><em>L\u2019eau est importante pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9  alimentaire, en particulier dans les pays en d\u00e9veloppement. La s\u00e9curit\u00e9  alimentaire est atteinte lorsque les individus ont un acc\u00e8s r\u00e9gulier \u00e0  une alimentation suffisante, en qualit\u00e9 et en quantit\u00e9, pour mener une  vie saine et active. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Le saviez-vous? <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> La s\u00e9cheresse est <strong>la cause la plus fr\u00e9quente de graves p\u00e9nuries alimentaires<\/strong> dans les pays en d\u00e9veloppement. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Rien que pour <strong>les pays en d\u00e9veloppement<\/strong>, il faut <strong>103 milliards de dollars par an pour financer l\u2019approvisionnement en eau, <\/strong>l\u2019assainissement et le traitement des eaux us\u00e9es jusqu\u2019\u00e0 fin 2015.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\">En 2011, <strong>768 millions de personnes n\u2019ont pas eu acc\u00e8s \u00e0 une source am\u00e9lior\u00e9e d\u2019eau potable <\/strong>et 2,5 milliards de personnes n\u2019ont pas utilis\u00e9 d&rsquo;installations d&rsquo;assainissement am\u00e9lior\u00e9es.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><em>Le droit \u00e0 l\u2019alimentation n\u2019est pas n\u00e9gociable. Pour nourrir la  population croissante et r\u00e9duire la faim, la seule solution est  d\u2019augmenter les rendements agricoles de mani\u00e8re substantielle \u2013 et  durable. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><em> Compte tenu de l\u2019\u00e9norme quantit\u00e9 d\u2019eau absorb\u00e9e par  l\u2019agriculture, l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la gestion de l\u2019eau agricole est une  n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 incontournable si l\u2019on veut parvenir \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire  mondiale.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> &#8211; La FAO estime que, compte tenu de l\u2019augmentation  de la population de la plan\u00e8te, il faudra accro\u00eetre la production  alimentaire de 60 % entre 2006 et 2050. Au cours des trois derni\u00e8res  d\u00e9cennies, la production alimentaire a augment\u00e9 de plus de 100 %. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Au cours des 35 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, 70% de l\u2019augmentation de la production c\u00e9r\u00e9ali\u00e8re devrait provenir des terres irrigu\u00e9es.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\">Selon les\u00a0projections de la FAO, la production  vivri\u00e8re irrigu\u00e9e aura augment\u00e9 de 8 % en 2050, mais la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019eau  utilis\u00e9e en agriculture n\u2019augmentera que de 10 % gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019am\u00e9lioration  des pratiques d\u2019irrigation.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Y aura-t-il suffisamment d\u2019eau pour que l\u2019humanit\u00e9 puisse survivre? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-45062","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-a-la-une","category-eau"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L\u2019eau: la ressource la plus \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire, mais aussi la plus essentielle -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sillon38.com\/blog\/2014\/05\/11\/leau-la-ressource-la-plus-elementaire-mais-aussi-la-plus-essentielle\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019eau: la 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