{"id":5249,"date":"2009-01-26T10:58:25","date_gmt":"2009-01-26T08:58:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/staging.sillon38.com\/2009\/01\/26\/apprendre-aux-vaches-a-paturer-dans-la-pente\/"},"modified":"2009-01-26T10:58:25","modified_gmt":"2009-01-26T08:58:25","slug":"apprendre-aux-vaches-a-paturer-dans-la-pente","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sillon38.com\/blog\/2009\/01\/26\/apprendre-aux-vaches-a-paturer-dans-la-pente\/","title":{"rendered":"Apprendre aux vaches \u00e0 p\u00e2turer dans la pente"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n
\n

Dans les alpages, certaines vaches sont capables de grimper de tr\u00e8s fortes pentes. Si la race des animaux explique une partie de ces habilet\u00e9s, l\u2019\u00e9ducation donn\u00e9e par l\u2019\u00e9leveur semble \u00e9galement d\u00e9terminante. Michel Meuret, directeur de recherche \u00e0 l’ Inra d\u2019Avignon nous parle des travaux que m\u00e8ne son \u00e9quipe en partenariat avec le CNRS de Lyon et le Parc naturel r\u00e9gional du Massif des Bauges.<\/h2>\n

\"vache-en-alpage.jpg\"<\/p>\n

(Photo F\u00e9d\u00e9ration des alpages de l’Is\u00e8re)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Pourquoi chercher \u00e0 faire p\u00e2turer des terrains pentus et accident\u00e9s ?<\/h2>\n


\n<\/em>Dans la plupart des \u00e9levages fran\u00e7ais, le p\u00e2turage des\u00a0vaches reste g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement limit\u00e9 \u00e0 des prairies peu pentues, sans broussailles et faciles \u00e0 exploiter. Dans les\u00a0Bauges (Savoie et Haute-Savoie), les flancs de montagne sont \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9s comme p\u00e2turage pour les g\u00e9nisses et les vaches laiti\u00e8res. Principale justification \u00e0 cette pratique : la priorit\u00e9 donn\u00e9e \u00e0 la production de foin sur terrains peu pentus, pour les 6 mois d’hiver pass\u00e9s \u00e0 l’\u00e9table, oblige \u00e0 faire p\u00e2turer les surfaces d\u2019acc\u00e8s plus difficile.<\/p>\n

Par ailleurs, sur un plan qualitatif, le cahier des charges du fromage\u00a0d’appellation d’origine contr\u00f4l\u00e9e (AOC)\u00a0Tome des Bauges limite l\u2019usage des aliments concentr\u00e9s, ce qui devrait inciter les \u00e9leveurs \u00e0 utiliser les ressources fourrag\u00e8res locales et notamment \u00e0 \u00e9tendre les aires de p\u00e2turage aux terrains d\u2019altitude. Enfin, les politiques publiques agrienvironnementales encouragent financi\u00e8rement le p\u00e2turage afin de mieux contr\u00f4ler les exc\u00e8s d’embroussaillement et donc pr\u00e9server la biodiversit\u00e9 des milieux.<\/p>\n

L\u2019aptitude \u00e0 p\u00e2turer en montagne est-elle inn\u00e9e ou acquise ?<\/h2>\n

La race des vaches, issues d’un long processus de s\u00e9lection,\u00a0d\u00e9termine en th\u00e9orie l\u2019aptitude \u00e0 p\u00e2turer en montagne. Dans les\u00a0Bauges, trois races laiti\u00e8res sont \u00e9lev\u00e9es, plus ou moins productives en lait et plus ou moins r\u00e9put\u00e9es pour leurs capacit\u00e9s d\u2019adaptation \u00e0 la vie en alpage : la Montb\u00e9liarde, l\u2019Abondance et la Tarine.\u00a0Or, en alpage, mais aussi en collines, c’est l’aptitude \u00e0 la marche qui conditionne beaucoup la performance laiti\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n
Des g\u00e9nisses de race Tarine (ou Tarentaise) sont tr\u00e8s habiles pour grimper et brouter sur des p\u00e2turages d’alpage dont les pentes avoisinent souvent 40 %, ce qui est exceptionnel pour des bovins (alpage du massif des Bauges, Savoie).<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

Si la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 circuler et brouter dans les pentes d\u00e9pend en partie de la race des animaux, des \u00e9leveurs estiment que l\u2019apprentissage aux pentes est primordial, et ce, d\u00e8s le jeune \u00e2ge de l\u2019animal. Par observations r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es, ils ont pu constater que des animaux de m\u00eame race que les leurs, mais achet\u00e9s en plaine et d\u00e9j\u00e0 adultes, parvenaient difficilement \u00e0 p\u00e2turer dans les pentes. Pour certains, la d\u00e9marche passe par une \u00e9ducation pr\u00e9coce, \u00e0 organiser soigneusement. Pour d\u2019autres, l\u2019apprentissage se fait spontan\u00e9ment, du fait de l\u2019obligation de conduire les g\u00e9nisses sur les terrains les plus pentus afin de garder les parcelles moins pentues pour la production de foin ou la traite des vaches laiti\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

Comment se d\u00e9roule l\u2019\u00e9ducation des\u00a0jeunes animaux\u00a0?<\/h2>\n

En pratique, des \u00e9leveurs habituent leurs veaux d\u00e8s l\u2019\u00e2ge de 6 \u00e0 8 mois \u00e0 des terrains pentus. Ils les conduisent d\u00e8s leur premi\u00e8re sortie dans des parcs d\u2019apprentissage qui incluent selon les m\u00e9thodes soit un terrain vari\u00e9 form\u00e9 de plat, de c\u00f4tes, de pr\u00e9 et de bosquets, pour habituer le veau \u00e0 un terrain irr\u00e9gulier, soit un talus raide o\u00f9 les veaux, entr\u00e9s le matin par le bas du pr\u00e9, doivent rejoindre l\u2019abreuvoir plac\u00e9 sur une partie plate en haut du terrain.<\/p>\n

Plus tard, les g\u00e9nisses de 2 ans sont men\u00e9es au printemps et \u00e0 l\u2019automne sur des coteaux pentus (30% en moyenne), embroussaill\u00e9s voire bois\u00e9s. Durant l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9, il s\u2019agit d\u2019un alpage \u00e0 g\u00e9nisses, o\u00f9 les fortes pentes (45% en moyenne) ne permettent pas l’acc\u00e8s du tracteur pour la traite des vaches laiti\u00e8res mais o\u00f9 le m\u00e9lange des jeunes g\u00e9nisses avec celles de 3 ans, d\u00e9j\u00e0 plus exp\u00e9riment\u00e9es, favorise un \u00e9change et un apprentissage social au sein du troupeau.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dans les alpages, certaines vaches sont capables de grimper de tr\u00e8s fortes pentes. Si la race des animaux explique une partie de ces habilet\u00e9s, l\u2019\u00e9ducation donn\u00e9e par l\u2019\u00e9leveur semble \u00e9galement d\u00e9terminante. Michel Meuret, directeur de recherche \u00e0 l’ Inra d\u2019Avignon…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[1325,2961,4385],"class_list":["post-5249","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-alpages","tag-cnrs-lyon","tag-inra-avignon","tag-pnr-des-bauges"],"yoast_head":"\nApprendre aux vaches \u00e0 p\u00e2turer dans la pente -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sillon38.com\/blog\/2009\/01\/26\/apprendre-aux-vaches-a-paturer-dans-la-pente\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Apprendre aux vaches \u00e0 p\u00e2turer dans la pente -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dans les alpages, certaines vaches sont capables de grimper de tr\u00e8s fortes pentes. 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