{"id":5741,"date":"2009-03-11T12:41:42","date_gmt":"2009-03-11T10:41:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/staging.sillon38.com\/2009\/03\/11\/les-plantes-de-demain-devront-resister-a-la-chaleur-et-a-la-secheresse\/"},"modified":"2009-03-11T12:41:42","modified_gmt":"2009-03-11T10:41:42","slug":"les-plantes-de-demain-devront-resister-a-la-chaleur-et-a-la-secheresse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sillon38.com\/blog\/2009\/03\/11\/les-plantes-de-demain-devront-resister-a-la-chaleur-et-a-la-secheresse\/","title":{"rendered":"Les plantes de demain devront r\u00e9sister \u00e0 la chaleur et \u00e0 la s\u00e9cheresse"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les plantes de demain devront r\u00e9sister \u00e0 la s\u00e9cheresse et \u00e0 la chaleur tout en exprimant davantage leur potentiel.<\/strong><\/p>\n

C’est ce qui ressort d’un \u00e9change anim\u00e9 hier matin \u00e0 BioVision par Joan Negrutiu, professeur de biologie \u00e0 l’Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon.<\/p>\n

Il faudra encore am\u00e9liorer les plantes, comme cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 fait depuis des si\u00e8cles, par s\u00e9lection notamment, pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande mondiale en alimentation.\u00a0 Il faudra en particulier adapter les plantes au changement climatique d\u00e9j\u00e0 av\u00e9r\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Marion Guillon, pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019institut National de recherche Agronomique (France) a montr\u00e9 que sauf pour le ma\u00efs, les rendements de plusieurs\u00a0 c\u00e9r\u00e9ales ou plantes de grandes cultures plafonnent depuis quelques ann\u00e9es. Ni les m\u00e9thodes de culture, ni les modifications g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques, n\u2019expliquent ce plafond. La seule explication, selon une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente de chercheurs de l\u2019INRA tient au r\u00e9chauffement.<\/p>\n

Les plantes de demain devront donc \u00eatre adapt\u00e9es \u00e0 des sols, respecter la diversit\u00e9,\u00a0 leur environnement, mais elles devront aussi\u00a0 \u00eatre adapt\u00e9es \u00e0 des p\u00e9riodes de s\u00e9cheresse et parfois \u00e0 de hautes temp\u00e9ratures.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

C\u2019est pourquoi l\u2019INRA travaille, pour le ma\u00efs, sur 300 g\u00e9notypes, qui en 2010, devront \u00eatre s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s, test\u00e9s, \u00e9valu\u00e9s in silico, pour voir s\u2019ils r\u00e9pondent \u00e0 ces crit\u00e8res. Des travaux du m\u00eame type vont \u00eatre men\u00e9s sur le sorgho, pour la production de bio-\u00e9nergie en Afrique.<\/p>\n

Ces recherches sont n\u00e9cessaires car la biomasse va continuer \u00e0 fournir une \u00e9norme quantit\u00e9 de mat\u00e9riaux. Willy de Greef, d’Europabio, association europ\u00e9enne des entreprises de biotechs\u00a0 peut facilement rappeler que les animaux de traits ont \u00e9t\u00e9 des moteurs fonctionnant aux biocarburants, et que la for\u00eat a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 la premi\u00e8re source de combustible.<\/p>\n

\"mais.jpg\"<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Le d\u00e9fi, demain, ce sera de produire davantage, dans des conditions difficiles \u00e0 pr\u00e9voir. \u00abIl faut prendre en compte le potentiel des plantes; aux USA, on produit 280 millions de tonnes de ma\u00efs sur 30 000 millions d\u2019hectares, et sur la m\u00eame surface en Afrique, seulement 50 millions de tonnes \u00bb.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Michel Van Lookeren Campagne, responsable de la recherche chez Bayer Crop Science, confirme la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019accroitre le rendement des plantes.\u00a0 \u00ab Entre le rendement moyen et les rendement maximum, sans modifier les plantes, il existe un potentiel de gain de 65%.La lutte contre les maladies peut \u00e0 elle seule accro\u00eetre les rendements et am\u00e9liorer les revenus des agriculteurs \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Pour une agriculture moins impactante<\/strong><\/p>\n

Face \u00e0 ces donn\u00e9es, Janet Cotter, responsable scientifique de Greenpeace (Royaume Uni) confirme la contrainte sur les sols, sur l\u2019eau. Mais elle rappelle que les performances de l\u2019agriculture ont \u00e9t\u00e9 atteintes en externalisant les co\u00fbts. \u00ab\u00a0 Avec les fertilisants, avec les pesticides, il y a un co\u00fbt environnemental.<\/p>\n

On ne peut pas continuer, nous devons repenser ce que nous voulons. Il n\u2019y a pas que la science qui a un r\u00f4le\u00a0 jouer, il y a aussi la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux march\u00e9s, le commerce, les gouvernements. Il faut que l\u2019agriculture biologique ne soit pas une production pour les consommateurs riches des pays riches. C\u2019est le r\u00f4le de la science que d\u2019adapter les plantes r\u00e9silientes, pour une agriculture ayant un impact faible. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Pour arriver \u00e0 adapter les plantes, plusieurs solutions sont envisag\u00e9es. La transgen\u00e8se ( implantation d\u2019un g\u00e8ne d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce dans une autre esp\u00e8ce) permet d\u2019obtenir des plantes G\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement Modifi\u00e9es. Une autre voie est l\u2019exploration du g\u00e9nome de chaque esp\u00e8ce.\u00a0 Le champ \u00e0 explorer est immense et il faudrait cr\u00e9er un fonds mondial pour l\u2019exploration de la biodiversit\u00e9, pour\u00a0 conserver des plantes dans des banques.<\/p>\n

Le travail est en route. Il est immense.<\/p>\n

michel.deprost@enviscope.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pour en savoir plus sur BioVision www.biovision.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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