La sharka est une maladie virale qui atteint les arbres fruitiers \u00e0 noyaux du genre Prunus : p\u00eachers, abricotiers, pruniers, dans plusieurs r\u00e9gions du monde (Europe, Am\u00e9rique du Nord et du Sud, Asie, Egypte). Il n\u2019existe pas, \u00e0 ce jour, de moyen de lutte chimique ou biologique.<\/p>\n
Les chercheurs de l\u2019INRA de Bordeaux s\u2019orientent vers la recherche de g\u00e8nes de r\u00e9sistance chez les arbres, en passant par la plante mod\u00e8le Arabidopsis, plus facile \u00e0 manipuler et dont le g\u00e9nome est connu. Les travaux r\u00e9cents de l\u2019\u00e9quipe valident l\u2019utilisation d\u2019Arabidopsis comme mod\u00e8le et laissent entrevoir l\u2019existence de plusieurs m\u00e9canismes possibles de r\u00e9sistance au virus de la sharka.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
La sharka se transmet d\u2019arbre en arbre, via les pucerons ou par la diffusion de plants et de porte-greffes1 d\u00e9j\u00e0 infect\u00e9s. Outre les feuilles, les fruits infect\u00e9s sont eux aussi source de virus pour les pucerons et c\u2019est, avec la perte de qualit\u00e9 gustative, la principale raison pour laquelle leur commercialisation est interdite. Sans incidence sur la sant\u00e9 humaine, la sharka met en danger la qualit\u00e9 et la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 des productions fruiti\u00e8res et des p\u00e9pini\u00e8res, particuli\u00e8rement dans le sud de la France.
\nEn l\u2019absence de moyen de traitement chimique ou biologique, les deux fers de lance de la lutte sont actuellement l’utilisation de plants certifi\u00e9s indemnes de maladie et la surveillance r\u00e9guli\u00e8re des vergers avec l\u2019arrachage imm\u00e9diat de tout arbre contamin\u00e9. L\u2019application de ces consignes repose sur l\u2019engagement volontaire de chacun.<\/p>\nNouvelles alternatives : le d\u00e9veloppement de vari\u00e9t\u00e9s r\u00e9sistantes<\/strong><\/p>\n
Les travaux conjoints de l\u2019INRA de Bordeaux et d\u2019Avignon visent \u00e0 cr\u00e9er des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s r\u00e9sistantes en utilisant des m\u00e9thodes autres que la transg\u00e9n\u00e8se. Il s\u2019agit de rechercher des g\u00e8nes de r\u00e9sistance existant naturellement chez les Prunus, en explorant la diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce. Cependant il est difficile de conduire de telles recherches chez les arbres h\u00f4tes, car l’identification et l\u2019isolement des g\u00e8nes candidats requiert de larges populations couvrant plusieurs g\u00e9n\u00e9rations de croisements. De plus, les tests de sensibilit\u00e9 au virus chez un arbre fruitier demandent au moins 4 ans de suivi. C\u2019est pourquoi les chercheurs ont choisi d\u2019utiliser Arabidopsis thaliana, une plante mod\u00e8le \u00e0 cycle court (4 \u00e0 5 semaines), sur laquelle il est facile d\u2019exp\u00e9rimenter et dont on conna\u00eet le g\u00e9nome. Apr\u00e8s avoir identifi\u00e9 les g\u00e8nes de r\u00e9sistance ou de sensibilit\u00e9 chez Arabidopsis, les chercheurs pourront rechercher leurs \u00e9quivalents chez les Prunus, ce qui permettra d’acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer l’ensemble du processus.<\/p>\n
Source INRA <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
La sharka est une maladie virale qui atteint les arbres fruitiers \u00e0 noyaux du genre Prunus : p\u00eachers, abricotiers, pruniers, dans plusieurs r\u00e9gions du monde (Europe, Am\u00e9rique du Nord et du Sud, Asie, Egypte). Il n\u2019existe pas, \u00e0 ce jour,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[64],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-656","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recherche-scientifique"],"yoast_head":"\n
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